Gene transformation and CRISPR/Cas9:

 

 

Bacterium-Coincubation

This takes advantage of the fact that some dinoflagellates (especially heterotrophic and mixotrophic species) can take up bacteria.

Protocol: https://www.protocols.io/view/co-incubation-protocol-for-transforming-heterotrop-7pphmmn

 

 

Electroporation

Finding the right medium (low-salt) and suitable voltage is critical for success

Protocol: https://www.protocols.io/view/dinoflagellate-transformation-7prhmm6

Using Lonza’s 4D Nucleofector

https://www.protocols.io/view/nucleofector-protocol-for-dinoflagellates-using-lo-7n8hmhw

Working with CRISPR/Cas9 RNPs

https://www.protocols.io/view/protocol-for-introducing-fluorescently-labeled-cri-bei2jcge

 

 

Biolistic

This requires that the species can grow on a solid (agar) medium.

Protocol: https://www.protocols.io/view/introducing-dinoflagellate-gene-into-diatom-using-hm2b48e